(一)格柵機

（1） Grille machine

格柵除污機是污水處理工藝的排名靠前道工序，也是污水處理廠內出現故障的設備之一。一旦出現故障，污水處理廠將不能夠正常進水。

The grid cleaning machine is one of the top processes in sewage treatment technology and also one of the equipment that malfunctions in sewage treatment plants. Once a malfunction occurs, the sewage treatment plant will not be able to feed water normally.

常見問題：

Frequently asked questions:

(1)格柵機卡阻：不管連續(xù)運行還是間歇運行，因為格柵機長時間與污水接觸，容易造成軸承磨損，運行出現卡阻現象，造成鏈條或耙齒拉偏或其他機械故障。為此，需要加強格柵機相關機械部件的潤滑保養(yǎng)，以及日常巡檢要及時到位。

(1) Grille machine jamming: Whether running continuously or intermittently, prolonged contact with sewage can easily cause bearing wear and jamming during operation, resulting in chain or rake tooth deviation or other mechanical failures. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the lubrication and maintenance of the mechanical components related to the grille machine, as well as timely and effective daily inspections.

(2)格柵機堵塞：污水中常夾帶一些長條狀的纖維、塑料袋等易纏繞的雜物，容易造成柵條和耙齒等堵塞。這一方面會使過柵斷面減少，造成過柵流速過大，攔污效率下降。另一方面也會造成柵渠過水速率緩慢、沙礫沉積、柵渠溢流等問題。一般只能進行技術改造完善或勤維護，采用人工清理的方式。

(2) Grille machine blockage: Sewage often contains long fibers, plastic bags, and other easily entangled debris, which can easily cause blockage of grating bars and rake teeth. On the one hand, this will reduce the cross section of the grid, causing excessive flow velocity and a decrease in the efficiency of pollutant interception. On the other hand, it can also cause problems such as slow water flow rate, sand and gravel deposition, and overflow in the gate channel. Generally, only technical improvements or frequent maintenance can be carried out, and manual cleaning can be used to solve the problem.

(二)提升水泵

（2） Lift water pump

污水處理設備，大多采用潛水泵提升污水。從實際運行中發(fā)現，潛水泵在使用過程中，由于污水中各種雜質與浮渣較多，這些雜質容易纏繞在水泵的葉輪和密封環(huán)的間隙里，引起機械密封效果和水泵效率降低，使污水進入到密封腔而產生故障，嚴重時將導致水泵電機過流損壞。針對該問題主要是加強格柵機的格渣效果，定期檢查潛水泵的絕緣和密封、核算提升泵效率，定期輪換使用等。

Most sewage treatment equipment uses submersible pumps to lift sewage. From actual operation, it has been found that during the use of submersible pumps, due to the presence of various impurities and scum in the sewage, these impurities are easily entangled in the gap between the impeller and sealing ring of the pump, causing a decrease in mechanical sealing effect and pump efficiency. This can cause sewage to enter the sealing chamber and cause malfunctions, and in severe cases, it can lead to overcurrent damage to the pump motor. The main measures to address this issue are to strengthen the slag blocking effect of the grille machine, regularly inspect the insulation and sealing of the submersible pump, calculate and improve pump efficiency, and regularly rotate and use it.

因污水處理設備進水量24小時均有變化，以及配套污水收集系統(tǒng)完善程度的不同，使得不同時期污水處理廠進水量可能有較大變化，特別是合流制的排水系統(tǒng)，進水季節(jié)性變化的特征非常明顯。因此，在潛水泵的選用和配置上，應留有較大的調節(jié)空間。通?？刹蓸佣嗯_水泵抽排水量呈梯度配置，結合定速泵配合調速泵控制方式，其中定速泵按平均流量選擇，滿足基本流量需求。調速泵變速運轉以適應流量的變化，流量波動較大時以增減運轉臺數作補充。

Due to changes in the inflow of sewage treatment equipment 24 hours a day, as well as differences in the completeness of supporting sewage collection systems, there may be significant changes in the inflow of sewage treatment plants at different times, especially in the combined drainage system, where the seasonal variation of inflow is very evident. Therefore, there should be ample room for adjustment in the selection and configuration of submersible pumps. Usually, it is possible to sample multiple water pumps with a gradient configuration of drainage volume, combined with a constant speed pump and a speed regulating pump control method. The constant speed pump is selected based on the average flow rate to meet the basic flow requirements. The speed control pump operates at a variable speed to adapt to changes in flow rate. When there are significant fluctuations in flow rate, the number of operating tables can be increased or decreased as a supplement.

(三)鼓風機

（3） Blower

污水處理設備的鼓風機是污水處理工藝的關鍵設備，耗能大。風量、風壓、電耗、噪音等是選用鼓風機的基本技術參數，使用中需結合工藝運行的特點，注意其適用的范圍和調力。

The blower of sewage treatment equipment is a key equipment in the sewage treatment process, which consumes a lot of energy. Air volume, air pressure, power consumption, noise, etc. are the basic technical parameters for selecting a blower. During use, it is necessary to combine the characteristics of the process operation, pay attention to its applicable range and adjustment ability.

污水處理設備的生物反應池微孔曝氣系統(tǒng)一般采用離心式鼓風機。離心風機具率高、使用年限長、殼體內不需要潤滑、氣體不會被油污染等優(yōu)點，特別是在供風量、風壓的適用范圍、噪音控制以及運行的穩(wěn)定等方面均較羅茨風機優(yōu)。羅茨風機一般適用于池深較淺，需要的風量和風壓較小的情況。

The micro porous aeration system in the biological reaction tank of sewage treatment equipment generally uses a centrifugal blower. The centrifugal fan has advantages such as high efficiency, long service life, no need for lubrication inside the casing, and no gas contamination by oil, especially in terms of supply air volume, applicable range of air pressure, noise control, and stable operation compared to Roots fans. Roots fans are generally suitable for situations where the pool depth is shallow and the required air volume and pressure are small.

在能耗控制上，可采用變頻調節(jié)控制，設備配置方面，也可多臺鼓風機風量呈梯度配置，針對不同的工況，以增強工藝運行調節(jié)的靈活性，同時減少電耗。

In terms of energy consumption control, variable frequency regulation control can be adopted. In terms of equipment configuration, multiple blowers can also be configured with a gradient airflow to enhance the flexibility of process operation regulation and reduce power consumption for different working conditions.

油冷卻器、油過濾器要定期清理，保證油質，需定期更換和送檢，防止出現乳化現象。油冷卻器有風冷和水冷兩種方式：采用風冷注意定期清潔風冷卻器的散熱片，防止堵塞和積集塵垢;采用水冷需定期清理和維護冷卻塔以及相應管路，注意保證循環(huán)冷卻水的水質，可定期加入緩蝕阻垢藥劑，防止細菌滋生、冷卻器、管路結垢以及銅構件發(fā)生原電池反應腐蝕，影響冷卻效果甚污染油質。

The oil cooler and oil filter should be cleaned regularly to ensure oil quality. Regular replacement and inspection are required to prevent emulsification. There are two types of oil coolers: air cooling and water cooling. When using air cooling, pay attention to regularly cleaning the cooling fins of the air cooler to prevent blockage and accumulation of dust and scale; When using water cooling, it is necessary to regularly clean and maintain the cooling tower and corresponding pipelines. Attention should be paid to ensuring the water quality of the circulating cooling water. Corrosion and scale inhibitors can be added regularly to prevent bacterial growth, scaling of the cooler and pipelines, and corrosion of copper components due to primary battery reactions, which can affect the cooling effect and even pollute the oil quality.

過濾器要定期清潔或更換，保證負壓在規(guī)定范圍以內，減少因負壓過高導致的鼓風機喘震故障的發(fā)生。

The filter should be cleaned or replaced regularly to ensure that the negative pressure is within the specified range and reduce the occurrence of blower surge faults caused by excessive negative pressure.

(四)曝氣頭

（4） Aeration head

目前大部分的曝氣方式采用的是微孔膜曝氣，有盤式、球冠式、板式、管式等橡膠膜微孔曝氣器類型。曝氣器使用一段時間后，因微孔堵塞，阻力增大和橡膠老化、彈性變差等，導致充氧效率均會下降。為避免曝氣器的堵塞或阻力增加過大，應定期進行曝氣器的清洗。

At present, most of the aeration methods use microporous membrane aeration, including disc, ball crown, plate, tube and other types of rubber membrane microporous aerators. After using the aerator for a period of time, the aeration efficiency will decrease due to clogging of micropores, increased resistance, aging of rubber, and decreased elasticity. To avoid blockages or increased resistance in the aerator, regular cleaning of the aerator should be carried out.

可采用甲酸清洗或大氣量高壓空氣清洗。采用甲酸清洗要小心控制甲酸的濃度、清洗的頻次、注意操作;采用大氣量空氣清洗要小心控制氣量大小、強度和清洗的頻次。另外，注意要定期打開曝氣系統(tǒng)的排水閥門，排出冷凝水。對嚴重堵塞或破損的曝氣頭要及時更換，保證生物池曝氣的均勻性，防止出現死角，堆積污泥。

It can be cleaned with formic acid or high-pressure air with high volume. When using formic acid for cleaning, it is important to carefully control the concentration of formic acid, the frequency of cleaning, and pay attention to the operation; When using atmospheric air cleaning, it is important to carefully control the volume, intensity, and frequency of cleaning. In addition, it is important to regularly open the drainage valve of the aeration system to discharge condensate water. Serious clogged or damaged aeration heads should be replaced in a timely manner to ensure the uniformity of aeration in the biological tank and prevent dead corners and sludge accumulation.

(五)排泥設備

（5） Mud discharge equipment

因為工藝的差別，有部分污水處理工藝不帶二沉池，如SBR、UNITANK等，而且其池底是平的，容易在排泥時形成泥層漏斗。后期排出的混合液濃度降低，未能排出足量的污泥，導致剩余污泥濃度的下降，帶來污泥處理能耗、藥耗的上升。

Due to differences in processes, some sewage treatment processes do not include secondary sedimentation tanks, such as SBR, UNITANK, etc., and their bottom is flat, making it easy to form a mud layer funnel during sludge discharge. The concentration of the mixed liquid discharged in the later stage decreases, and insufficient sludge is not discharged, resulting in a decrease in the remaining sludge concentration, leading to an increase in energy consumption and drug consumption in sludge treatment.

對于污水處理設備工藝的運行，宜采用間歇排泥方式或改造成多點排泥的系統(tǒng)。

For the operation of sewage treatment equipment processes, it is advisable to adopt intermittent sludge discharge or transform it into a multi-point sludge discharge system.

此外，在有二沉池的生物處理系統(tǒng)，需要對二沉池刮吸泥機進行定期維護，保證排泥順暢，防止積泥而影響出水SS等指標。

In addition, in biological treatment systems with secondary sedimentation tanks, it is necessary to regularly maintain the scraper suction machine of the secondary sedimentation tank to ensure smooth mud discharge and prevent mud accumulation from affecting the effluent SS and other indicators.

(六)脫水機

（6） Dehydration machine

目前采用的機械脫水方式主要有離心脫水機和帶式壓濾脫水機。

The main mechanical dehydration methods currently used are centrifugal dewatering machines and belt filter dewatering machines.

1、離心脫水機

1. Centrifugal dewatering machine

運行中應研究進離心脫水機的濃縮污泥含固率的要求范圍，進料量(裝機容量)，大產量，離心機差速、轉速，不同類型聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)加注率、投加濃度對離心機脫水后的污泥含固率、分離水SS值和回收率的影響。

During operation, it is necessary to study the required range of solid content of concentrated sludge entering the centrifugal dewatering machine, feed amount (installed capacity), large output, centrifuge differential speed and speed, different types of polyacrylamide (PAM) addition rates and concentrations, and their effects on the solid content of sludge after centrifugal dewatering, SS value of separated water, and recovery rate.

若要離心脫水機的污泥脫水處理達到理想的分離效果，可以從兩方面來考慮：

If the sludge dewatering treatment of the centrifugal dewatering machine wants to achieve the ideal separation effect, two aspects can be considered:

轉速差越大，污泥在離心機內停留時間越短，泥餅含水率就越高，分離水含固率就可能越大。反之，轉速差越小，污泥在離心機內停留時間越長，固液分離越徹底,但必須防止污泥堵塞。利用轉速差可以自動地進行調節(jié)，以補償進料中變化的固體含量。

The larger the speed difference, the shorter the sludge stays in the centrifuge, the higher the moisture content of the sludge cake, and the higher the solid content of the separated water may be. On the contrary, the smaller the speed difference, the longer the sludge stays in the centrifuge, and the more thorough the solid-liquid separation, but it is necessary to prevent sludge blockage. The speed difference can be automatically adjusted to compensate for changes in solid content in the feed.